RESUMO
Nitric oxide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) are gaining attention as potentially gastric-sparing NSAIDs. Herein, we report a novel class of '1-(nitrooxy)ethyl ester' group-containing NSAIDS as efficient NO releasing 'true' prodrugs of aspirin and naproxen. While an aspirin prodrug exhibited comparable oral bioavailability and antiplatelet activity (i.e., TXB2 inhibition) to those of aspirin, a naproxen prodrug exhibited better bioavailability than naproxen. These promising NO-NSAIDs protected experimental rats from gastric damage. We therefore believe that these promising NO-NSAIDs could represent a new class of potentially 'Safe NSAIDs' for the treatment of arthritic pain, inflammation and cardiovascular disorders in the case of NO-aspirin.
Assuntos
Aspirina/análogos & derivados , Naproxeno/análogos & derivados , Nitratos/química , Pró-Fármacos/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/toxicidade , Área Sob a Curva , Aspirina/química , Aspirina/farmacocinética , Aspirina/farmacologia , Aspirina/toxicidade , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Plaquetas/enzimologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/química , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/química , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Desenho de Fármacos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Naproxeno/química , Naproxeno/farmacocinética , Naproxeno/farmacologia , Naproxeno/toxicidade , Nitratos/farmacocinética , Nitratos/farmacologia , Nitratos/toxicidade , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/química , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacocinética , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/toxicidade , Pró-Fármacos/farmacocinética , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Pró-Fármacos/toxicidade , Curva ROC , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Tromboxano B2/metabolismoRESUMO
In continuation of our efforts to discover novel nitric oxide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) as potentially "Safe NSAIDs," we report herein the design, synthesis and evaluation of 21 new NO-NSAIDs of commonly used NSAIDs such as aspirin, diclofenac, naproxen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, sulindac, ibuprofen and indomethacin. These prodrugs have NO-releasing disulfide linker attached to a parent NSAID via linkages such as an ester (compounds 9-16), a double ester (compounds 17-24), an imide (compounds 25-30) or an amide (compounds 31-33). Among these NO-NSAIDs, the ester-containing NO-aspirin (9), NO-diclofenac (10), NO-naproxen (11), and the imide-containing NO-aspirin (25), NO-flurbiprofen (27) and NO-ketoprofen (28) have shown promising oral absorption, anti-inflammatory activity and NO-releasing property, and also protected rats from NSAID-induced gastric damage. NO-aspirin compound 25, on further co-evaluation with aspirin at equimolar doses, exhibited comparable dose-dependent pharmacokinetics, inhibition of gastric mucosal prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis and analgesic properties to those of aspirin, but retained its gastric-sparing properties even after doubling its oral dose. These promising NO-NSAIDs could therefore represent a new class of potentially "Safe NSAIDs" for the treatment of arthritic pain and inflammation.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Pró-Fármacos/química , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Área Sob a Curva , Desenho de Fármacos , Ésteres , Imidas/síntese química , Imidas/química , Masculino , Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Pró-Fármacos/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The present study was designed to evaluate, P2026 [(2-((2-(nitrooxy)ethyl)disulfanyl)ethyl 2-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetate)], a novel NO (nitric oxide) donor prodrug of diclofenac for its ability to release NO and diclofenac, and whether P2026 provides advantage of improved activity/gastric tolerability over diclofenac. Oral bioavailability of P2026 was estimated from plasma concentration of diclofenac and nitrate/nitrite (NOx). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in three different models of inflammation: acute (carrageenan-induced paw oedema), chronic (adjuvant-induced arthritis), and systemic (lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock). Gastric tolerability was evaluated from compound's propensity to cause gastric ulcers. P2026 exhibited dose-dependent diclofenac and NOx release. Similar to diclofenac, P2026 showed potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic model, whereas it improved activity in systemic model. Both diclofenac and P2026 inhibited gastric prostaglandin, but only diclofenac produced dose-dependent haemorrhagic ulcers. Thus, the results suggest that coupling of NO and diclofenac contribute to improved gastric tolerability while retaining the anti-inflammatory properties of diclofenac.
